DENTAL HYGIENISTS AS ESSENTIAL MEMBERS OF THE HEALTH CARE TEAM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v1i2.150Keywords:
dental hygienist, health care team, dentistAbstract
Despite the advances in dental sciences, innovative oral health programs, and efforts dedicated by oral health professionals,
globally, unmet oral disease, and the economic loss it causes, is growing. In the present, oral health care delivery systems
urgently need improvement. The introduction of dental hygienists as essential members of the health care team can contribute
to improved and cost-effective health care outcomes. This paper provides definitions of dental hygienists from both, an
international and the United States (U.S.) and describes their education, functions, and contributions to the health care team.
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References
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2 Bagramian, RA, Garcia-Godoy, R, Volpe, AR. The global increase in dental caries, A pending public crisis. J Am Dent Assoc. [Internet].2009 Feb [cited 2016Feb 27];21(1) 3-8 Documento Disponible
3 World Bank [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: Health Expenditures per capita (US $); [cited 2016 March 2]. Documento Disponible
4 4. American Dental Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2013 [cited 2016 May 12]. Action for Dental Health: Bringing Disease Prevention into Communities. Documento Disponible
5 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2008[cited 2016 May 12]. Documento Disponible
6 International Federation of Dental Hygienists. [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: 2016 [cited 2016 May12]. Facts about dental hygienists and oral health Documento Disponible
7 American Dental Association Commission on Accreditation, [Internet]. Chicago: 2012 [cited 2016 May12]. Accreditation Standards for Dental Hygiene Education Programs Documento Disponible
8 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: no date [cited 2016 May12]. Professional roles of the dental hygienist. Documento Disponible
9 Heaton L, Smith T, Raybould T. Factors influencing use of dental services in rural and urban communities: considerations for practitioners in underserved areas. J Dent Educ [serial on the Internet]. 2004, Oct, [cited January 25, 2013]; 68(10): 1081-1089. MEDLINE. Documento Disponible
10 Naughton, D. Expanding oral care opportunities: Direct access care provided by dental hygienists in the United States, J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014; 14S: [171-182]
11 Johnson. PM International profiles of dental hygiene 1987 to 2006: a 21-nation comparative study. Documento Disponible
12 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2015 [cited 2016 May12]. Timeline. Documento Disponible
13 O’Heir, T. The Forsyth Experiment proved hygienists were good at restorative work - too good. [Internet]. Tulsa: RDH Magazine; June 13, 2016. Documento Disponible
14 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet] Chicago: 2016 [June 16, 2016]. Direct Access States. Documento Disponible
15 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago Direct Access States. 2016 [cited 2016 June 16].Documento Disponible
16 American Dental Hygienists’ Association. Map of current D-A States [image on internet]. 2016 [cited June 16, 2016]. Documento Disponible
17 Freed J, Perry DA, Kushman JE, Aspects of quality of dental hygiene care in supervised and unsupervised practices. J Public Health Dent. 1997 Spring; 57(2):68-75.
18 Delta Dental. Our History [Internet]. Seattle. Delta Dental of Washington. 2015 [cited 2016 April 18]. Documento Disponible
19 Amyot C. The Evolution of Dental Hygiene Education [Internet].Santa Ana: Dimens Dent Hyg. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 16]
20 Oral Health [Internet]. HRSA.gov. 2016 [cited 14 June 2016].
21 Edelstein B. The dental safety net, its workforce, and policy recommendations for its enhancement. J Public Health Dent [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited January 25, 2013];70 Suppl 1S32-S39
22 Vargas CM, Arevalo O. How dental care can preserve and improve oral health. Dent Clin North Am 2009 Jul [cited 2016 May 12];53(3):399-420.
23 Cruz GD, Ostroff J, Kumar JV, Gandnra S. Preventing and detecting oral cancer: Oral health care providers’ readiness to provide health behavior counseling and oral cancer examinations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005 May [cited 2016 June 20]; 136(5): 594–682.
24 Prendergast V, Jackson U, Renvert S, Hallberg IR. Effects of a standard versus comprehensive oral care protocol among intubated neuroscience ICU patients: Results of a randomized control trial. J Neurosci Nurs. 2012 Jun [cited 2016 April 24];44(3):134-146.
25 Durden. T., (2013) It’s a “0.6 %” World: Who Owns What of The 223 Trillion In Global Wealth.
26 Christensen C. Disruptive Innovation
27 Da Silva, J. (2014) Disruptive innovation in higher education. In ADEA Signature Series: Leading Change- Disruptive innovation in higher education. Meeting conducted at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center, San Antonio, TX.
28 American Dental Education Association [Internet]. Chicago: Educational Debt; 2015 [cited 2016 June21].
29 American Dental Education Association [Internet]. Chicago: Program costs; 2015 [cited 2016June 21].
30 Saleirno C.[Internet]. Is Student debt influencing new dentists’ Choices after graduation? Dent Econ; [Place Unknown]: 2016[cited 2016 June 21]
31 United States of America. The role of the dental hygienist in providing access to oral health care. Washington, D.C.; National Governors Association. 2014 [cited 2016 June 21]
32 Delta Dental [Internet]. no date. [cited 2016 May24]. The True Cost of a Cavity
33 American Dental Hygienists Association [Internet] 2015 Medicaid Reimbursement Map
34 American Dental Hygienists Association 2015 Getting Started- How Dental Hygienists May Achieve Reimbursement
35 American Dental Hygienists Association 2014 Bylaws Code of Ethics
36 Smith J. [Internet]. Location, location, location: Key to success. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 12]
37 Cohen L, Bonito A, Akin D, Manski R, Macek M, Cornelius L, et al. Toothache pain: a comparison of visits to physicians, emergency departments and dentists. J Am Dent Assoc [serial on the Internet]. (2008, Sep), [cited January 25, 2013]; 139(9): 1205-1216. Available at: CINAHL with Full Text
38 Minnesota Dentists Facts and Data 2008 [Internet]; Minnesota Department of Health. 2008 [cited 2016 Jun 21]; Available from:
39 Minnesota Office of Rural Health & Primary Care Health Workforce Analysis Program Profile of Minnesota Dental Hygienists [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2016 Jun21].
40 Summerfelt F. Teledentistry-Assisted, Affiliated Practice for Dental Hygienists: An Innovative Oral Health Workforce Model. J Dent Ed [serial on the Internet]. (2011, June), [cited January 25, 2013]; 75(6): 733-742. Available at: Education Research Complete
41 Juhl JA. Unpublished Survey of International Dental Hygienists in Hospital-Based Practices; 2011.
42 Duley SI, Fitzpatrick, PG, Zornosa, X, Barnes WG. A center for oral health promotion: Establishing an inter-professional paradigm for dental hygiene, health care management and nursing education, J Dent Hyg [Internet] 2012 Spring [cited 2016 April 24]; 86(2):63-70
43 VanOstenberg PR, DeLaney DF, Salley JJ. Economic analysis of a dental hygienist in the hospital. J Ambul Care Manage 1983; 6:28-35.
44 Otomo-Corgel J, Pulcher, JJ, Rethman M. State of the science: Chronic periodontitis and systemic disease. J Evid Base Dent Pract. 2012 Sept [cited 2016 April 24]; 12S (S1).20-28.
45 Lundy FT, Linden GJ. Neuroppeptides and neurogenic mechanisms in oral and periodontal inflammation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 April 24];15(2):82-98
46 Katz, J, Wallet, S, & Seunghee, C. Periodontal disease and the oral-systemic connection: Ïs it all the RAGE?” Quintessence Inter, [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Jun21];41(3): 229-237.
47 Chavakis T1, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP. 2004 Nov RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products): a central player in the inflammatory response. Microbes Infect. [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 6(13):1219-25.
48 Wu T, Trevisan M, Genco, RJ, Dorn JP, Falkner KL, Sempos CT. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease, the first national health and nutrition examination survey and its follow-up survey. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2016 Jun 3];160(18):2747-2755.
49 Kelly JT, Avila-Ortiz G, Allareddy V, Johnson GK, Elangovan S. The association between periodontitis and coronary heart disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013 April; 144(4) 371- 379.
50 Mealey BL. Periodontal disease and diabetes, a two-way street. J Am Dent Assoc [Internet] 2006 Oct [cited 2016 April 25];137: 26S-31S. Lamster IB, Lalla E, Borgnakke WS. The relationship between oral health and diabetes mellitus. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Oct; 139:19S-24S
51 Tsai H, Hayes C, Taylor GW. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe periodontal disease in the US adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2016 June 21]; 30:182-192.
52 Missih, C. The link between periodontal disease and cancer: A review. Perio-Implant Advisory; 2016 [cited 2016Jun].
53 Treister N, Glick M. Rheumatoid arthritis: A review and suggested dental care considerations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 May; 130:689-697.
54 Paju S, Scannapieco FA. Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections. Oral Dis. [Internet] 2007 Nov [cited 2016 April 11];13(6):508-512.
55 Prendergast V, Kleinman C, King M. The bedside oral exam and the barrow oral care protocol: Translating evidencebased oral care into Pract Intens and Critic Care Nurs. 2013 29, 282—290.
56 Freidlander AH, Friedlander IK, Marder SR. Bipolar 1 disorder, psychopathology, medical management and dental implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 Sept; 133:1209-1217.
57 Watts A, Crimmins EM, Gatz M. Inflammation as a potential mediator for the association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat [Internet] 2008 [cited 2016 June 21] 2008:4(5) 865–876.
58 Stein PS, Desrosiers M, Donegan SJ, Yepes JF, Kryscio RJ. Tooth loss, dementia and neuropathology in the Nun Study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 Oct; 138:1314-1322.
59 Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Justo D, Heruti RJ. Erectile dysfunction might be associated with chronic periodontal disease: Two ends of the cardiovascular spectrum. J Sex Med [Internet] 2009 [cited 2016 April 26]; 6:1111-1116.
60 De Rossi SS, Glick M. Dental considerations for the patient with renal disease receiving hemodialysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Feb;127(2):211-219.
61 Krejci C B, Bissada, NF, Women’s health issues and their relationship to periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 March 133(3):323-9
62 Hague AL, Baechle M. Advanced caries in a patient with a history of bariatric surgery. J Dent Hyg [Internet] 2008 April [cited 2016 April 24]; 82(2)86(2):1-9.
63 Guo S, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing J Dent Research. 2010Mar; 89(3):219-229.
64 Trivedy C, Kodate N, Ross A, Al-Rawi H, Jaiganesh T, Harris T, Anderson JE. The attitudes and awareness of emergency department (ED) physicians towards the management of common dentofacial emergencies. Dent Traumatol [Internet] 2012 [cited 2016 Feb 15]; 28.121-126.
65 Lewis CW, Boulter S, Keels MA, Krol DM, Mouradian WE, O’Connor KG, Quinonez RB. Oral health and pediatricians: Results of a national survey. Acad Pediatr. 2009 November- December; 9(6):457-461.
66 IOM (Institute of Medicine). Advancing Oral Health in America. [Internet]. [Washington, D.C.]: The National Academies Press. 2010; [cited 2016 May 24]
67 Wilder RS, O’Donnell JA, Barry M. Galli, DM, Hakim, FF, Holyfield, LJ, Robbins, MR. J Dent Educ [Internet]. 2008 Nov [cited 2016 June 21];. 72 (11): 1231-1237.
68 Ferullo A, Silk H, Savaugeau JA. Teaching oral health in U.S. Medical Schools: Results of a national survey. Acad Med [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2016 April 12];862):226- 230.
69 Jablonski RA. Oral health and hygiene content in nursing fundamentals textbooks. Nurs Res Pract 2012 [cited 2016 May 24]; 2:372617. 70 Feider LL, Mitchell P, Bridges E. Oral Care Practices for Orally Intubated Critically Ill Adults Survey of oral care practices in US intensive care units. Am J Infect Control. 2004 [cited 2016 May 24]; 32(3):161-169.
71 Binkley C, Furr LA, Carrico R, McCurren C. Survey of oral care practices in U.S. intensive care units. Am J Infect Control. 2004 May; 32(3):161-169.
72 Forsyth JM in Da Silva J. Disruptive innovation in higher education. In ADEA Signature Series: Leading Change- Disruptive innovation in higher education.2014. Meeting conducted at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center, San Antonio, TX.
73 Mabry CC, Mosca NG. Interprofessional education partnerships in school health of children with special oral health needs. J Dent Educ Aug; 2006; 70(8):844-850.
74 Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: Report IX Contemporary issues in medicine: Oral health education for medical and dental students. 2008 Jun [cited 2016 Jun]
75 De Branbandere L, Iny A. A New Paradigm for Business Creativity, Thinking in New Boxes. New York, NY: Random House. 2013.
76 Gurenlian JM. Can we change the world? [Internet]. Tulsa: RDH Magazine Online;2011[cited 2016 Feb 12]
2 Bagramian, RA, Garcia-Godoy, R, Volpe, AR. The global increase in dental caries, A pending public crisis. J Am Dent Assoc. [Internet].2009 Feb [cited 2016Feb 27];21(1) 3-8 Documento Disponible
3 World Bank [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: Health Expenditures per capita (US $); [cited 2016 March 2]. Documento Disponible
4 4. American Dental Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2013 [cited 2016 May 12]. Action for Dental Health: Bringing Disease Prevention into Communities. Documento Disponible
5 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2008[cited 2016 May 12]. Documento Disponible
6 International Federation of Dental Hygienists. [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: 2016 [cited 2016 May12]. Facts about dental hygienists and oral health Documento Disponible
7 American Dental Association Commission on Accreditation, [Internet]. Chicago: 2012 [cited 2016 May12]. Accreditation Standards for Dental Hygiene Education Programs Documento Disponible
8 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: no date [cited 2016 May12]. Professional roles of the dental hygienist. Documento Disponible
9 Heaton L, Smith T, Raybould T. Factors influencing use of dental services in rural and urban communities: considerations for practitioners in underserved areas. J Dent Educ [serial on the Internet]. 2004, Oct, [cited January 25, 2013]; 68(10): 1081-1089. MEDLINE. Documento Disponible
10 Naughton, D. Expanding oral care opportunities: Direct access care provided by dental hygienists in the United States, J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014; 14S: [171-182]
11 Johnson. PM International profiles of dental hygiene 1987 to 2006: a 21-nation comparative study. Documento Disponible
12 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago: 2015 [cited 2016 May12]. Timeline. Documento Disponible
13 O’Heir, T. The Forsyth Experiment proved hygienists were good at restorative work - too good. [Internet]. Tulsa: RDH Magazine; June 13, 2016. Documento Disponible
14 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet] Chicago: 2016 [June 16, 2016]. Direct Access States. Documento Disponible
15 American Dental Hygienists’ Association [Internet]. Chicago Direct Access States. 2016 [cited 2016 June 16].Documento Disponible
16 American Dental Hygienists’ Association. Map of current D-A States [image on internet]. 2016 [cited June 16, 2016]. Documento Disponible
17 Freed J, Perry DA, Kushman JE, Aspects of quality of dental hygiene care in supervised and unsupervised practices. J Public Health Dent. 1997 Spring; 57(2):68-75.
18 Delta Dental. Our History [Internet]. Seattle. Delta Dental of Washington. 2015 [cited 2016 April 18]. Documento Disponible
19 Amyot C. The Evolution of Dental Hygiene Education [Internet].Santa Ana: Dimens Dent Hyg. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 16]
20 Oral Health [Internet]. HRSA.gov. 2016 [cited 14 June 2016].
21 Edelstein B. The dental safety net, its workforce, and policy recommendations for its enhancement. J Public Health Dent [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited January 25, 2013];70 Suppl 1S32-S39
22 Vargas CM, Arevalo O. How dental care can preserve and improve oral health. Dent Clin North Am 2009 Jul [cited 2016 May 12];53(3):399-420.
23 Cruz GD, Ostroff J, Kumar JV, Gandnra S. Preventing and detecting oral cancer: Oral health care providers’ readiness to provide health behavior counseling and oral cancer examinations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005 May [cited 2016 June 20]; 136(5): 594–682.
24 Prendergast V, Jackson U, Renvert S, Hallberg IR. Effects of a standard versus comprehensive oral care protocol among intubated neuroscience ICU patients: Results of a randomized control trial. J Neurosci Nurs. 2012 Jun [cited 2016 April 24];44(3):134-146.
25 Durden. T., (2013) It’s a “0.6 %” World: Who Owns What of The 223 Trillion In Global Wealth.
26 Christensen C. Disruptive Innovation
27 Da Silva, J. (2014) Disruptive innovation in higher education. In ADEA Signature Series: Leading Change- Disruptive innovation in higher education. Meeting conducted at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center, San Antonio, TX.
28 American Dental Education Association [Internet]. Chicago: Educational Debt; 2015 [cited 2016 June21].
29 American Dental Education Association [Internet]. Chicago: Program costs; 2015 [cited 2016June 21].
30 Saleirno C.[Internet]. Is Student debt influencing new dentists’ Choices after graduation? Dent Econ; [Place Unknown]: 2016[cited 2016 June 21]
31 United States of America. The role of the dental hygienist in providing access to oral health care. Washington, D.C.; National Governors Association. 2014 [cited 2016 June 21]
32 Delta Dental [Internet]. no date. [cited 2016 May24]. The True Cost of a Cavity
33 American Dental Hygienists Association [Internet] 2015 Medicaid Reimbursement Map
34 American Dental Hygienists Association 2015 Getting Started- How Dental Hygienists May Achieve Reimbursement
35 American Dental Hygienists Association 2014 Bylaws Code of Ethics
36 Smith J. [Internet]. Location, location, location: Key to success. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 12]
37 Cohen L, Bonito A, Akin D, Manski R, Macek M, Cornelius L, et al. Toothache pain: a comparison of visits to physicians, emergency departments and dentists. J Am Dent Assoc [serial on the Internet]. (2008, Sep), [cited January 25, 2013]; 139(9): 1205-1216. Available at: CINAHL with Full Text
38 Minnesota Dentists Facts and Data 2008 [Internet]; Minnesota Department of Health. 2008 [cited 2016 Jun 21]; Available from:
39 Minnesota Office of Rural Health & Primary Care Health Workforce Analysis Program Profile of Minnesota Dental Hygienists [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2016 Jun21].
40 Summerfelt F. Teledentistry-Assisted, Affiliated Practice for Dental Hygienists: An Innovative Oral Health Workforce Model. J Dent Ed [serial on the Internet]. (2011, June), [cited January 25, 2013]; 75(6): 733-742. Available at: Education Research Complete
41 Juhl JA. Unpublished Survey of International Dental Hygienists in Hospital-Based Practices; 2011.
42 Duley SI, Fitzpatrick, PG, Zornosa, X, Barnes WG. A center for oral health promotion: Establishing an inter-professional paradigm for dental hygiene, health care management and nursing education, J Dent Hyg [Internet] 2012 Spring [cited 2016 April 24]; 86(2):63-70
43 VanOstenberg PR, DeLaney DF, Salley JJ. Economic analysis of a dental hygienist in the hospital. J Ambul Care Manage 1983; 6:28-35.
44 Otomo-Corgel J, Pulcher, JJ, Rethman M. State of the science: Chronic periodontitis and systemic disease. J Evid Base Dent Pract. 2012 Sept [cited 2016 April 24]; 12S (S1).20-28.
45 Lundy FT, Linden GJ. Neuroppeptides and neurogenic mechanisms in oral and periodontal inflammation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 April 24];15(2):82-98
46 Katz, J, Wallet, S, & Seunghee, C. Periodontal disease and the oral-systemic connection: Ïs it all the RAGE?” Quintessence Inter, [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 Jun21];41(3): 229-237.
47 Chavakis T1, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP. 2004 Nov RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products): a central player in the inflammatory response. Microbes Infect. [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 6(13):1219-25.
48 Wu T, Trevisan M, Genco, RJ, Dorn JP, Falkner KL, Sempos CT. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease, the first national health and nutrition examination survey and its follow-up survey. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2016 Jun 3];160(18):2747-2755.
49 Kelly JT, Avila-Ortiz G, Allareddy V, Johnson GK, Elangovan S. The association between periodontitis and coronary heart disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013 April; 144(4) 371- 379.
50 Mealey BL. Periodontal disease and diabetes, a two-way street. J Am Dent Assoc [Internet] 2006 Oct [cited 2016 April 25];137: 26S-31S. Lamster IB, Lalla E, Borgnakke WS. The relationship between oral health and diabetes mellitus. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Oct; 139:19S-24S
51 Tsai H, Hayes C, Taylor GW. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe periodontal disease in the US adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2016 June 21]; 30:182-192.
52 Missih, C. The link between periodontal disease and cancer: A review. Perio-Implant Advisory; 2016 [cited 2016Jun].
53 Treister N, Glick M. Rheumatoid arthritis: A review and suggested dental care considerations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 May; 130:689-697.
54 Paju S, Scannapieco FA. Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections. Oral Dis. [Internet] 2007 Nov [cited 2016 April 11];13(6):508-512.
55 Prendergast V, Kleinman C, King M. The bedside oral exam and the barrow oral care protocol: Translating evidencebased oral care into Pract Intens and Critic Care Nurs. 2013 29, 282—290.
56 Freidlander AH, Friedlander IK, Marder SR. Bipolar 1 disorder, psychopathology, medical management and dental implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 Sept; 133:1209-1217.
57 Watts A, Crimmins EM, Gatz M. Inflammation as a potential mediator for the association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat [Internet] 2008 [cited 2016 June 21] 2008:4(5) 865–876.
58 Stein PS, Desrosiers M, Donegan SJ, Yepes JF, Kryscio RJ. Tooth loss, dementia and neuropathology in the Nun Study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 Oct; 138:1314-1322.
59 Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Justo D, Heruti RJ. Erectile dysfunction might be associated with chronic periodontal disease: Two ends of the cardiovascular spectrum. J Sex Med [Internet] 2009 [cited 2016 April 26]; 6:1111-1116.
60 De Rossi SS, Glick M. Dental considerations for the patient with renal disease receiving hemodialysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Feb;127(2):211-219.
61 Krejci C B, Bissada, NF, Women’s health issues and their relationship to periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 March 133(3):323-9
62 Hague AL, Baechle M. Advanced caries in a patient with a history of bariatric surgery. J Dent Hyg [Internet] 2008 April [cited 2016 April 24]; 82(2)86(2):1-9.
63 Guo S, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing J Dent Research. 2010Mar; 89(3):219-229.
64 Trivedy C, Kodate N, Ross A, Al-Rawi H, Jaiganesh T, Harris T, Anderson JE. The attitudes and awareness of emergency department (ED) physicians towards the management of common dentofacial emergencies. Dent Traumatol [Internet] 2012 [cited 2016 Feb 15]; 28.121-126.
65 Lewis CW, Boulter S, Keels MA, Krol DM, Mouradian WE, O’Connor KG, Quinonez RB. Oral health and pediatricians: Results of a national survey. Acad Pediatr. 2009 November- December; 9(6):457-461.
66 IOM (Institute of Medicine). Advancing Oral Health in America. [Internet]. [Washington, D.C.]: The National Academies Press. 2010; [cited 2016 May 24]
67 Wilder RS, O’Donnell JA, Barry M. Galli, DM, Hakim, FF, Holyfield, LJ, Robbins, MR. J Dent Educ [Internet]. 2008 Nov [cited 2016 June 21];. 72 (11): 1231-1237.
68 Ferullo A, Silk H, Savaugeau JA. Teaching oral health in U.S. Medical Schools: Results of a national survey. Acad Med [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2016 April 12];862):226- 230.
69 Jablonski RA. Oral health and hygiene content in nursing fundamentals textbooks. Nurs Res Pract 2012 [cited 2016 May 24]; 2:372617. 70 Feider LL, Mitchell P, Bridges E. Oral Care Practices for Orally Intubated Critically Ill Adults Survey of oral care practices in US intensive care units. Am J Infect Control. 2004 [cited 2016 May 24]; 32(3):161-169.
71 Binkley C, Furr LA, Carrico R, McCurren C. Survey of oral care practices in U.S. intensive care units. Am J Infect Control. 2004 May; 32(3):161-169.
72 Forsyth JM in Da Silva J. Disruptive innovation in higher education. In ADEA Signature Series: Leading Change- Disruptive innovation in higher education.2014. Meeting conducted at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center, San Antonio, TX.
73 Mabry CC, Mosca NG. Interprofessional education partnerships in school health of children with special oral health needs. J Dent Educ Aug; 2006; 70(8):844-850.
74 Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: Report IX Contemporary issues in medicine: Oral health education for medical and dental students. 2008 Jun [cited 2016 Jun]
75 De Branbandere L, Iny A. A New Paradigm for Business Creativity, Thinking in New Boxes. New York, NY: Random House. 2013.
76 Gurenlian JM. Can we change the world? [Internet]. Tulsa: RDH Magazine Online;2011[cited 2016 Feb 12]
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Juhl, J. (2018). DENTAL HYGIENISTS AS ESSENTIAL MEMBERS OF THE HEALTH CARE TEAM. Odontología Activa Revista Científica, 1(2), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v1i2.150
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