Caninos retenidos, características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento odontológico. Revisión bibliográfica.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v7i3.700Keywords:
Diente impactado, Prevalencia, diagnóstico, Terapeútica, OrtodonciaAbstract
Canines are the teeth with the highest retention prevalence after third molars. The frequency of impaction varies depending on the geographical area where the study is applied, noting that its incidence varies between 0.2 to 7%. It is important to determine position, angulation, and commitment to critical anatomy in the diagnostic phase. Today the Cone Beam is considered the gold standard diagnostic method for its location, however, various diagnostic methods with two-dimensional techniques are used due to their low costs. The ideal treatment in these cases is interceptive, that is, one that prevents the canines from causing alterations in adjacent pieces in the long term, however, if this has already occurred, the combined surgery and orthodontic treatment is used to treat the impacted canines. in the permanent dentition. Unfortunately, all the methods available for the treatment of this condition are scattered, so the purpose of this review is to gather scientific evidence related to diagnostic and therapeutic methods for an adequate prognosis of retained, included or impacted canines.
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References
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2. Camarena A, Rosas E, Cruzado L, Liñan C. Métodos de diagnóstico imagenológico para optimizar el plan de tratamiento y pronóstico de caninos maxilares. Rev Estomatol Herediana. 2016; 26(4):263-70.
3. Grybienė V, Juozėnaitė D, Kubiliūtė K. Diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of impacted maxillary canines: A literature review. Stomatologija. Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal. 2019; 21:3-12.
4. Moreno E, Matas A, Escalona J, Salas J, Roig M, López J. Caninos incluidos, tratamiento odontológico. Revisión de la literatura. Avances en odontoestomatología. 2013; 29(5):227 – 238.
5. Peng CL, Su YY, Lee SY. Unilateral horizontally impacted maxillary canine and first premolar treated with a double archwire technique. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76:502-9.
6. Sajnani AK, King NM. Retrospective audit of management techniques for treating impacted maxillary canines in children and adolescents over a 27-year period. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011; 69:2494-2499.
7. Schindel R, Sheinis M. Prediction of maxillary lateral-incisor root resorption using sector analysis of potentially impacted canines. J Clin Orthod. 2013; 47(8):490-493.
8. Sheinis M. Prediction of maxillary lateral-incisor root resorption using sector analysis of potentially impacted canines. J Clin Orthod. 2013; 47(8):490-493.
9. Castañeda D, Briceño C, Sánchez A, Rodríguez A, Castro D, Barrientos S. Prevalencia de dientes incluidos, retenidos e impactados analizados en radiografías panorámicas de población de Bogotá, Colombia. Univ Odontol. 2015 Jul-Dic; 34(73).
10. Dalessandri D, Migliorati M, Rubiano R, et al. Reliability of a novel CBCT-based 3D classification system for maxillary canine impactions in orthodontics: the KPG index. Scientific World Journal. 2013: 921234.
11. Upegui J, Echeverri E, Ramírez D, Restrepo L. Determinación del pronóstico en pacientes que presentan caninos maxilares impactados de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia. Rev. Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2009; 21(1):75-85.
12. Bedoya M, Park J. A review of the diagnosis and management of impacted maxillary canines. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140:1485-93.
13. Litsas G, Acar A. A review of early displaced maxillary canines: etiology, diagnosis and interceptive treatment. Open Dent J. 2011; 5:39-47.
14. Aydin U, Yilmaz H, Yildirim D. Incidence of canine impaction and transmigration in a patient population. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2004; 33:164–169.
15. Sánchez N, Gil M, Kewalramani N. Riesgo de Caninos incluidos en la Clínica Diaria. Psychologia Latina. 2018; 334-336.
16. Salazar C. Prevalencia de caninos superiores retenidos en pacientes mayores de 14 años atendidos en el club de leones Quito Central [Tesis de Pregrado]. Quito: Universidad de las Américas; 2016. 62 p.
17. Santosh P, Sneha M. Prevalence of impacted and supernumerary teeth in the north Indian population. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014; 6(2): 116-20.
18. Fardi A, Kondylidou-Sidira A, Bachour Z, Parisis N, Tsirlis A. Incidence of impacted and supernumerary teeth-a radiographic study in a North Greek population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16(1): 56-62.
19. Borges I, Suárez M, Espangler M, Borges M, García L, Berenguer J. Retención dentaria en pacientes ortodóncicos de 8 a 18 años de edad. 2018; 57(268):89-96.
20. Pérez J, Romero H. Frecuencia de órganos dentarios incluidos en pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología UNAH. Revista Portal de la Ciencia. 2018; 14(Julio 2018): 76-84.
21. Quevedo J, Torres M, Núñez Y, Sierra Y. Causas locales de caninos permanentes retenidos en pacientes de la Clínica Estomatológica René Guzmán Pérez de Calixto García. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín. 2017; 3: 627 – 636.
22. Martínez TJA. Cirugía oral y maxilofacial. México: El Manual Moderno; 2009.
23. Guzmán C, Contreras C, Rabanal C. Radiología Clínica Oral y Maxilofacial. Imagenología en Ortodoncia. AMOLCA. 2019; 461 – 475.
24. Hou R, Kong L, Ao J, Liu G, Zhou H, QinR, et al. Investigation of Impacted Permanent Teeth Except the Third Molar in Chinese Patients Through an X-Ray Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68:762-767.
25. Alessandri-Bonetti G, Incerti Parenti S, Zanarini M, Marini I. Double vs single primary teeth extraction approach as prevention of permanent maxillary canines ectopic eruption. Pediatr Dent. 2010; 32:401-412.
26. Troya E, Martinez J, Padilla E, Matos M. Tratamiento quirúrgico de caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón. Rev Méd Electrónica. 2015; 38(2):123 – 131.
27. Pichel I, Suárez M, González L, Borges M, Romero L, Berenguer J. Retención dentaria en pacientes ortodóncicos de 8 a 18 años de edad. Órgano científico estudiantil de Ciencias médicas de Cuba. 2018;57(268):89-96.
28. Gbenou Y, Hernández J, García T. Caninos permanentes retenidos en pacientes del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Centro Habana. Rev haban cienc méd. 2017; 16(4): 595-603.
29. Prskalo K, Zjaca K, Skarić-Jurić T, Nikolić I, AnićMilosević S, Lauc T. The prevalence of lateral incisor hypodontia and canine impaction in Croatian population. Coll Antropol. 2009;32(4):1105-1109
30. Aras M, Halicioglu K, Yavuz M, Çaglaroglu M. Evaluation of surgical-orthodontic treatments on impacted mandibular canines. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16:925-928.
31. Mujica N, Pascual M, Kewalramani N. Riesgo de Caninos incluidos en la Clínica Diaria. Psychologia Latina. 2018; 334-336.
32. Murat A, Üniversitesi G, Fakültesi D. The incidence of canine transmigration and tooth impaction in a Turkish subpopulation. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010; 32: 575 – 581
33. Naoumova J, Kurol J, Kjellberg H. A systematic review of the interceptive treatment of palatally displaced maxillary canines. Eur J Orthod. 2011; 33:143-149.
34. Milberg DJ. Labially impacted maxillary canines causing severe root resorption of maxillary central incisors. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76:173-176.
35. Power S, Short M. An investigation into the response of palatally displaced canines to the removal of deciduous canines and an assessment of factors contributing to favourable eruption. British Journal of Orthodontics. 1993; 20: 215–223.
36. Chalakkal P, Thomas A, Chopra S. Displacement, location, and angulationof unerupted permanent maxillary canines and absence of canine bulge in children. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2011; 139(3):345-350.
37. Herrera J, Agüayo M, Escoffié M, Aguilar F, Carrillo B. Impacted Maxillary Canine Prevalence and Its Association with Other Dental Anomalies in a Mexican Population. Hindawi. International Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 1-4.
38. Peñarrocha M, Peñarrocha M, Larrazábal C, García B. Caninos incluidos, consideraciones quirúrgicas y ortodóncicas. Arch. Odontoestomatol. 2003; 19(5):336-346.
39. Orton HS, Garvey MT, Pearson MH. Extrusion of the ectopic maxillary canine using a lower removable appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1995; 107(4):349-359.
40. Sambataro S, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Antonini F. Early predictive variables for upper canine impaction as derived from posteroanterior cephalograms. Angle Orthod. 2005; 75(1):28-34.
41. Ericson S, Kurol J. Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: a CT study. Angle Orthod. 2000; 70(6):415-23.
42. Schramm A, Rücker M, Sakkas N, Schön R, Düker J, Gellrich N. The use of cone beam CT in cranio— maxilo facial surgery. Int. Congress Series. 2005; 1281:12004.
43. Kau CH, Pan P, Gallerano RL, English JD. A novel 3D classifi cation system for canine impactions--the KPG index. Int J Med Robot. 2009; 5(3): 291-296.
44. Spencer H, Ramsey R, Ponduri S, Brennan PA. Exposure of unerupted palatal canines: A survey of current practice in the United Kingdom, and experience of gingival-sparing procedure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 48:641-644.
45. Scarfe W, Farman A, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006; 72:75-80.
46. Arakaki N, De la Quintana M, Gaitán R, Loza J, Marchena R, Lavado A. Evaluación tomográfica de la localización de los caninos impactados en el maxilar superior. KIRU. 2016;13(1):65-69.
47. Ericson S, Kurol J. Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988; 94(6):503-513.
48. Yamamoto G, Ohta Y, Tsuda Y, Tanaka A, Nishikawa M, Hirofumi I. A New Classification of Impacted Canines and Second Premolars Using Orthopantomography. Asian J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 15(1):31-37.
49. Al-Zoubi H, Alharbi A, Ferguson DJ, Zafar MS. Frequency of impacted teeth and categorization of impacted canines: A retrospective radiographic study using orthopantomograms. Eur J Dent. 2017; 11:117-21.
50. Spencer H, Ramsey R, Ponduri S, Brennan P. Exposure of unerupted palatal canines: A survey of current practice in the United Kingdom, and experience of gingival-sparing procedure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 48:641-644.
51. Bourzgui F, Belhaj S, Tazi H, Hamza M, Khazana MM. Surgical-orthodontic management of dental impaction. Int Orthod. 2009; 7:257-267
52. Koutzoglou S, Kostaki A. Effect of surgical exposure technique, age, and grade of impaction on ankylosis of an impacted canine, and the effect of rapid palatal expansion on eruption: A prospective clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143:342-52
53. Smailiene D, Kavaliauskiene A, Pacauskiene I, Zasciurinskiene E, Bjerklin K. Palatally impacted maxillary canines: choice of surgical-orthodontic treatment method does not infl uence post-treatment periodontal status. A controlled prospective study. Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35:803-810.
54. Silva A, Capistrano A, Almeida-Pedrin R, Cardoso M, Conti A, Capelozza L. Root length and alveolar bone level of impacted canines and adjacent teeth after orthodontic traction: a long-term evaluation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017; 25:75-81.
55. Bensaha T. A new approach for the surgical exposure of impacted canines by ultrasonic surgery through soft tissue. Int J Oro maxillofac Surg. 2013; 42:1557-1561
56. Baccetti T, Sigler L, McNamara J. An RCT on the treatment of palatally displaced canines with RME and a transpalatal arch. Eur J Orthod. 2011; 33:601-607.
57. Molina R, Yanez R, Iglesias A, Torres D, Solano E. Mini Screw appliances and their use in orthodontics. Open J Stomatol. 2013; 3:103-108.
58. Brusveen E, Brudvik P, Boe O, Mavragani M. Apical root resorption of incisors after orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 141:427-35.
2. Camarena A, Rosas E, Cruzado L, Liñan C. Métodos de diagnóstico imagenológico para optimizar el plan de tratamiento y pronóstico de caninos maxilares. Rev Estomatol Herediana. 2016; 26(4):263-70.
3. Grybienė V, Juozėnaitė D, Kubiliūtė K. Diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of impacted maxillary canines: A literature review. Stomatologija. Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal. 2019; 21:3-12.
4. Moreno E, Matas A, Escalona J, Salas J, Roig M, López J. Caninos incluidos, tratamiento odontológico. Revisión de la literatura. Avances en odontoestomatología. 2013; 29(5):227 – 238.
5. Peng CL, Su YY, Lee SY. Unilateral horizontally impacted maxillary canine and first premolar treated with a double archwire technique. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76:502-9.
6. Sajnani AK, King NM. Retrospective audit of management techniques for treating impacted maxillary canines in children and adolescents over a 27-year period. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011; 69:2494-2499.
7. Schindel R, Sheinis M. Prediction of maxillary lateral-incisor root resorption using sector analysis of potentially impacted canines. J Clin Orthod. 2013; 47(8):490-493.
8. Sheinis M. Prediction of maxillary lateral-incisor root resorption using sector analysis of potentially impacted canines. J Clin Orthod. 2013; 47(8):490-493.
9. Castañeda D, Briceño C, Sánchez A, Rodríguez A, Castro D, Barrientos S. Prevalencia de dientes incluidos, retenidos e impactados analizados en radiografías panorámicas de población de Bogotá, Colombia. Univ Odontol. 2015 Jul-Dic; 34(73).
10. Dalessandri D, Migliorati M, Rubiano R, et al. Reliability of a novel CBCT-based 3D classification system for maxillary canine impactions in orthodontics: the KPG index. Scientific World Journal. 2013: 921234.
11. Upegui J, Echeverri E, Ramírez D, Restrepo L. Determinación del pronóstico en pacientes que presentan caninos maxilares impactados de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia. Rev. Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2009; 21(1):75-85.
12. Bedoya M, Park J. A review of the diagnosis and management of impacted maxillary canines. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140:1485-93.
13. Litsas G, Acar A. A review of early displaced maxillary canines: etiology, diagnosis and interceptive treatment. Open Dent J. 2011; 5:39-47.
14. Aydin U, Yilmaz H, Yildirim D. Incidence of canine impaction and transmigration in a patient population. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2004; 33:164–169.
15. Sánchez N, Gil M, Kewalramani N. Riesgo de Caninos incluidos en la Clínica Diaria. Psychologia Latina. 2018; 334-336.
16. Salazar C. Prevalencia de caninos superiores retenidos en pacientes mayores de 14 años atendidos en el club de leones Quito Central [Tesis de Pregrado]. Quito: Universidad de las Américas; 2016. 62 p.
17. Santosh P, Sneha M. Prevalence of impacted and supernumerary teeth in the north Indian population. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014; 6(2): 116-20.
18. Fardi A, Kondylidou-Sidira A, Bachour Z, Parisis N, Tsirlis A. Incidence of impacted and supernumerary teeth-a radiographic study in a North Greek population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16(1): 56-62.
19. Borges I, Suárez M, Espangler M, Borges M, García L, Berenguer J. Retención dentaria en pacientes ortodóncicos de 8 a 18 años de edad. 2018; 57(268):89-96.
20. Pérez J, Romero H. Frecuencia de órganos dentarios incluidos en pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología UNAH. Revista Portal de la Ciencia. 2018; 14(Julio 2018): 76-84.
21. Quevedo J, Torres M, Núñez Y, Sierra Y. Causas locales de caninos permanentes retenidos en pacientes de la Clínica Estomatológica René Guzmán Pérez de Calixto García. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín. 2017; 3: 627 – 636.
22. Martínez TJA. Cirugía oral y maxilofacial. México: El Manual Moderno; 2009.
23. Guzmán C, Contreras C, Rabanal C. Radiología Clínica Oral y Maxilofacial. Imagenología en Ortodoncia. AMOLCA. 2019; 461 – 475.
24. Hou R, Kong L, Ao J, Liu G, Zhou H, QinR, et al. Investigation of Impacted Permanent Teeth Except the Third Molar in Chinese Patients Through an X-Ray Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68:762-767.
25. Alessandri-Bonetti G, Incerti Parenti S, Zanarini M, Marini I. Double vs single primary teeth extraction approach as prevention of permanent maxillary canines ectopic eruption. Pediatr Dent. 2010; 32:401-412.
26. Troya E, Martinez J, Padilla E, Matos M. Tratamiento quirúrgico de caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón. Rev Méd Electrónica. 2015; 38(2):123 – 131.
27. Pichel I, Suárez M, González L, Borges M, Romero L, Berenguer J. Retención dentaria en pacientes ortodóncicos de 8 a 18 años de edad. Órgano científico estudiantil de Ciencias médicas de Cuba. 2018;57(268):89-96.
28. Gbenou Y, Hernández J, García T. Caninos permanentes retenidos en pacientes del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Centro Habana. Rev haban cienc méd. 2017; 16(4): 595-603.
29. Prskalo K, Zjaca K, Skarić-Jurić T, Nikolić I, AnićMilosević S, Lauc T. The prevalence of lateral incisor hypodontia and canine impaction in Croatian population. Coll Antropol. 2009;32(4):1105-1109
30. Aras M, Halicioglu K, Yavuz M, Çaglaroglu M. Evaluation of surgical-orthodontic treatments on impacted mandibular canines. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16:925-928.
31. Mujica N, Pascual M, Kewalramani N. Riesgo de Caninos incluidos en la Clínica Diaria. Psychologia Latina. 2018; 334-336.
32. Murat A, Üniversitesi G, Fakültesi D. The incidence of canine transmigration and tooth impaction in a Turkish subpopulation. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010; 32: 575 – 581
33. Naoumova J, Kurol J, Kjellberg H. A systematic review of the interceptive treatment of palatally displaced maxillary canines. Eur J Orthod. 2011; 33:143-149.
34. Milberg DJ. Labially impacted maxillary canines causing severe root resorption of maxillary central incisors. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76:173-176.
35. Power S, Short M. An investigation into the response of palatally displaced canines to the removal of deciduous canines and an assessment of factors contributing to favourable eruption. British Journal of Orthodontics. 1993; 20: 215–223.
36. Chalakkal P, Thomas A, Chopra S. Displacement, location, and angulationof unerupted permanent maxillary canines and absence of canine bulge in children. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2011; 139(3):345-350.
37. Herrera J, Agüayo M, Escoffié M, Aguilar F, Carrillo B. Impacted Maxillary Canine Prevalence and Its Association with Other Dental Anomalies in a Mexican Population. Hindawi. International Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 1-4.
38. Peñarrocha M, Peñarrocha M, Larrazábal C, García B. Caninos incluidos, consideraciones quirúrgicas y ortodóncicas. Arch. Odontoestomatol. 2003; 19(5):336-346.
39. Orton HS, Garvey MT, Pearson MH. Extrusion of the ectopic maxillary canine using a lower removable appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1995; 107(4):349-359.
40. Sambataro S, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Antonini F. Early predictive variables for upper canine impaction as derived from posteroanterior cephalograms. Angle Orthod. 2005; 75(1):28-34.
41. Ericson S, Kurol J. Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: a CT study. Angle Orthod. 2000; 70(6):415-23.
42. Schramm A, Rücker M, Sakkas N, Schön R, Düker J, Gellrich N. The use of cone beam CT in cranio— maxilo facial surgery. Int. Congress Series. 2005; 1281:12004.
43. Kau CH, Pan P, Gallerano RL, English JD. A novel 3D classifi cation system for canine impactions--the KPG index. Int J Med Robot. 2009; 5(3): 291-296.
44. Spencer H, Ramsey R, Ponduri S, Brennan PA. Exposure of unerupted palatal canines: A survey of current practice in the United Kingdom, and experience of gingival-sparing procedure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 48:641-644.
45. Scarfe W, Farman A, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006; 72:75-80.
46. Arakaki N, De la Quintana M, Gaitán R, Loza J, Marchena R, Lavado A. Evaluación tomográfica de la localización de los caninos impactados en el maxilar superior. KIRU. 2016;13(1):65-69.
47. Ericson S, Kurol J. Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988; 94(6):503-513.
48. Yamamoto G, Ohta Y, Tsuda Y, Tanaka A, Nishikawa M, Hirofumi I. A New Classification of Impacted Canines and Second Premolars Using Orthopantomography. Asian J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 15(1):31-37.
49. Al-Zoubi H, Alharbi A, Ferguson DJ, Zafar MS. Frequency of impacted teeth and categorization of impacted canines: A retrospective radiographic study using orthopantomograms. Eur J Dent. 2017; 11:117-21.
50. Spencer H, Ramsey R, Ponduri S, Brennan P. Exposure of unerupted palatal canines: A survey of current practice in the United Kingdom, and experience of gingival-sparing procedure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 48:641-644.
51. Bourzgui F, Belhaj S, Tazi H, Hamza M, Khazana MM. Surgical-orthodontic management of dental impaction. Int Orthod. 2009; 7:257-267
52. Koutzoglou S, Kostaki A. Effect of surgical exposure technique, age, and grade of impaction on ankylosis of an impacted canine, and the effect of rapid palatal expansion on eruption: A prospective clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143:342-52
53. Smailiene D, Kavaliauskiene A, Pacauskiene I, Zasciurinskiene E, Bjerklin K. Palatally impacted maxillary canines: choice of surgical-orthodontic treatment method does not infl uence post-treatment periodontal status. A controlled prospective study. Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35:803-810.
54. Silva A, Capistrano A, Almeida-Pedrin R, Cardoso M, Conti A, Capelozza L. Root length and alveolar bone level of impacted canines and adjacent teeth after orthodontic traction: a long-term evaluation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017; 25:75-81.
55. Bensaha T. A new approach for the surgical exposure of impacted canines by ultrasonic surgery through soft tissue. Int J Oro maxillofac Surg. 2013; 42:1557-1561
56. Baccetti T, Sigler L, McNamara J. An RCT on the treatment of palatally displaced canines with RME and a transpalatal arch. Eur J Orthod. 2011; 33:601-607.
57. Molina R, Yanez R, Iglesias A, Torres D, Solano E. Mini Screw appliances and their use in orthodontics. Open J Stomatol. 2013; 3:103-108.
58. Brusveen E, Brudvik P, Boe O, Mavragani M. Apical root resorption of incisors after orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 141:427-35.
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2022-09-05
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Sánchez Velásquez, J., & Barahona, R. M. M. (2022). Caninos retenidos, características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento odontológico. Revisión bibliográfica. Odontología Activa Revista Científica, 7(3), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v7i3.700
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