Características anatómicas y funcionales de la glándula parótida. Una revision de la literatura.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v7i2.536Palabras clave:
Glándulas salivales, Glándula parótida, Diagnóstico, Anatomía, PatologíaResumen
Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la literatura existente y conocer con exactitud las características anatómicas, histológicas y fisiológicas de la glándula parótida. Materiales y métodos: para esta revisión se realizó una búsqueda en bases electrónicas como: Embase, América Latina y el Caribe Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), LIVIVO, PubMed (incluyendo Medline), Ovid, Science Direct, Scopus y Biblioteca Cochrane, con año de publicación desde 2014 hasta el presente año 2020. Resultados: se identificaron 1373 artículos, de los cuales después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se incluyeron 16 en el análisis. Conclusión: la glándula parótida aporta 45% de saliva, la cual interviene en funciones esenciales como es: la digestión, lubricación y protección de tejidos de la cavidad bucal; por lo que, es importante el conocimiento de esta que facilita el reconocimiento de síntomas o signos relacionados con la disfunción de esta glándula.
Palabras claves: Glándulas salivales, Glándula parótida, Diagnóstico, Anatomía, Patología
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1. Micucci SB, Cheng SS, Song T, Rasgon B. The Role of the Parotid-Mastoid Fascia in Identification of the Facial Nerve Trunk During Parotidectomy. Ear, Nose Throat J. 2019;5–9.
2. Grégoire V, Ang K, Budach W, Grau C, Hamoir M, Langendijk JA, et al. Delineation of the neck node levels for head and neck tumors : A 2013 update . DAHANCA , EORTC , HKNPCSG , NCIC CTG , NCRI , RTOG , TROG consensus guidelines q. 2014;110:172–81.
3. Kondo Y, Nakamoto T, Jaramillo Y, Choi S, Catalan MA, Melvin JE. Functional differences in the acinar cells of the murine major salivary glands. J Dent Res [Internet]. 2015 May 9 [cited 2020 Aug 5];94(5):715–21. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4502782/?report=abstract
4. Zeng L, Zhang Q, Ao F, Jiang CL, Xiao Y, Xie HH, et al. Risk factors and distribution features of level IB lymph nodes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2019;46(3):457–64.
5. Atkinson C, Fuller J, Huang B. Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy of the Salivary Glands [Internet]. Vol. 28, Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 137–58. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29622110
6. Chason HM, Downs BW. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Parotid Gland [Internet]. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480958
7. Alhajj M, Babos M. Physiology, Salivation [Internet]. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31194408
8. Holmberg K V., Hoffman MP. Anatomy, biogenesis and regeneration of salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 24, Monographs in Oral Science. S. Karger AG; 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 1–13. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4048853/?report=abstract
9. Ferreira JN, Hoffman MP. Interactions between developing nerves and salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 9, Organogenesis. Landes Bioscience; 2013 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 152–8. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3896591/?report=abstract
10. Prasad RS. Parotid Gland Imaging. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016. p. 285–312.
11. Mitchell RLD& WV& AWM. Gray Anatomia Para Estudiantes - PDF Drive [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://es.pdfdrive.com/gray-anatomia-para-estudiantes-d157100966.html
12. Ramos; ARA. Actualizaciones Seram radiologia de cabeza y cuello. 2010. 180 p.
13. Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease [Internet]. Vol. 45, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 730–46. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/joor.12664
14. Carbone Z, Haydee CN, González ;, Mercedes M, Martínez ;, Elena S. la saliva: una MiRada Hacia el diagnóstico.
15. Kochhar A, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland Anatomy [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 273–84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030666515002054
16. Porcheri C, Mitsiadis TA. Physiology, Pathology and Regeneration of Salivary Glands [Internet]. Vol. 8, Cells. NLM (Medline); 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6769486/?report=abstract
17. Amano O, Mizobe K, Bando Y, Sakiyama K. Anatomy and histology of rodent and human major salivary glands: Overview of the Japan salivary gland society-sponsored workshop [Internet]. Vol. 45, Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica. Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; 2012 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 241–50. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3496860/?report=abstract
18. Roussa E. Channels and transporters in salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 343, Cell and Tissue Research. 2011 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 263–87. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00441-010-1089-y
19. Rouvière H, Delmas V, Delmas A. (PDF) La anatomía de Rouvière [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327902712_La_anatomia_de_Rouviere
20. Rivera G. Glándula parótida accesoria como una variación anatómica. Reporte de caso. Accessory parotid gland as an anatomical variation. Case report. Vol. 22, Rev. estomatol. 2014.
21. Ibarra T. Netter. Anatomía de cabeza y cuello para odontólogos @somosodonto [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/40034043/Netter_Anatomía_de_cabeza_y_cuello_para_odontólogos_at_somosodonto
22. Bag AK, Curé JK, Chapman PR, Pettibon KD, Gaddamanugu S. Practical imaging of the parotid gland. Vol. 44, Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Mosby Inc.; 2015. p. 167–92.
23. Monica Lafont. Anatomia, funcion y patologia de la glandula parotida. 2017. 96 p.
24. Varga G. Physiology of the salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 33, Surgery (United Kingdom). Elsevier Ltd; 2015 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 581–6. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263931915001921
25. Lewis AG, Maghami E. D i a g n o s i s an d Management of Malignant S a l iva ry G l an d Tu mo r s of the P a ro t i d G l a n d. Otolaryngol Clin NA. 2016;49(2):343–80.
26. Roblegg E, Coughran A, Sirjani D. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics Saliva : An all-rounder of our body. 2019;142(June):133–41.
27. Baker OJ. Current Trends in Salivary Gland Tight Junctions. 2016;8370(March).
28. Suzuki A, Iwata J. Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Exocytosis in the Salivary Glands. 2018;(Table 1):7–10.
29. Proctor GB. The physiology of salivary secretion [Internet]. Vol. 70, Periodontology 2000. Blackwell Munksgaard; 2016 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 11–25. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/prd.12116
30. Marie A, Pedersen L. Salivary secretion in health and disease. 0–2 p.
31. Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease [Internet]. Vol. 45, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 730–46. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/joor.12664
32. de Paula F, Teshima THN, Hsieh R, Souza MM, Nico MMS, Lourenco SV. Overview of Human Salivary Glands: Highlights of Morphology and Developing Processes [Internet]. Vol. 300, Anatomical Record. Blackwell Publishing Inc.; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 1180–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ar.23569
33. Moreno F, Haydee D, Salazar R. Descripción histológica de las glándulas salivares mayores Systemic diseases and periodontal disease-Enfermedades Sistémicas y Enfermedad Periodontal View project Antonio Nariño y la vacuna contra la viruela View project [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268817997
34. Munhoz L, Ramos EA dos A, Im DC, Hisatomi M, Yanagi Y, Asaumi J, et al. Application of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of salivary gland diseases: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 128, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. Mosby Inc.; 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. p. 280–310. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029591
35. Martin H, Jayasinghe J, Lowe T. Superficial parotidectomy versus extracapsular dissection: literature review and search for a gold standard technique [Internet]. Vol. 49, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Churchill Livingstone; 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. p. 192–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31301925
36. Bialek EJ, Jakubowski W, Zajkowski P, Szopinski KT, Osmolski A. US of the major salivary glands: Anatomy and spatial relationships, pathologic conditions, and pitfalls [Internet]. Vol. 26, Radiographics. Radiological Society of North America ; 2006 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 745–63. Available from: www.rsna.org/rsnarights.
37. Lu H, Xu W, Zhu Y, Liu L, Liu S, Yang W. Simultaneous occurrence of benign and malignant tumours in the ipsilateral parotid gland—retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Sep 1;48(9):1138–44.
38. Piram L, Frédéric-Moreau T, Bellini R, Martin F, Miroir J, Saroul N, et al. Delineation of the primary tumour clinical target volumes and neck node levels selection of parotid cancers. Cancer/Radiotherapie. 2019;23(3):255–63.
39. Rosa MA, Lazarz DP, Pękala JR, Skinningsrud B, Lauritzen SS, Solewski B, et al. The Accessory Parotid Gland and its Clinical Significance. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;00(00):1.
40. Guan G, Won J, Mei L, Polonowita A. Extensive adipose replacement of the parotid glands: an unusual presentation of sialadenosis. A Case Report and Literature Review. Oral Surg [Internet]. 2020 Feb 3 [cited 2020 Mar 26];13(1):41–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ors.12442
41. Croonenborghs TM, Van Hevele J, Scheerlinck J, Nout E, Schoenaers J, Politis C. A multicentre retrospective clinico-histopathological review of 250 patients after parotidectomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49(2):149–56.
42. Sherif S, Susarla SM, Hwang JW, Weber HP, Wright RF. Clinician- and patient-reported long-term evaluation of screw- and cement-retained implant restorations: A 5-year prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15(6):993–9.
43. Borle RM, Jadhav A, Bhola N, Hingnikar P, Gaikwad P. Borle’s triangle: A reliable anatomical landmark for ease of identification of facial nerve trunk during parotidectomy. J Oral Biol Craniofacial Res [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Aug 5];9(1):33–6. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212426818300344
44. Dorafshar AH, Borsuk DE, Bojovic B, Brown EN, Manktelow RT, Zuker RM, et al. Surface anatomy of the middle division of the facial nerve: Zukerês point. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2020 Aug 5];131(2):253–7. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00006534-201302000-00015
45. Touré G, Vacher C. Relations of the facial nerve with the retromandibular vein: Anatomic study of 132 parotid glands. Surg Radiol Anat [Internet]. 2010 Dec [cited 2020 Aug 5];32(10):957–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473672/
47. Mansour N, Stock KF, Chaker A, Bas M, Knopf A. Evaluation of parotid gland lesions with standard ultrasound, color duplex sonography, sonoelastography, and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging - A pilot study. Ultraschall der Medizin [Internet]. 2012 Apr 13 [cited 2020 Aug 5];33(3):283–8. Available from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0031-1299130
48. Rzepakowska A, Osuch-Wójcikiewicz E, Sobol M, Cruz R, Sielska-Badurek E, Niemczyk K. The differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors with high-resolution ultrasound in otolaryngological practice. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2020 Aug 5];274(8):3231–40. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5500678/?report=abstract
49. Cracchiolo JR, Shaha AR. Parotidectomy for Parotid Cancer [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 415–24. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4821693/?report=abstract
50. Hernandez S, Busso C, Walvekar RR. Parotitis and Sialendoscopy of the Parotid Gland [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 381–93. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030666515002455
51. Thielker J, Grosheva M, Ihrler S, Wittig A, Guntinas-Lichius O. Contemporary Management of Benign and Malignant Parotid Tumors. Front Surg [Internet]. 2018 May 11 [cited 2020 Aug 5];5. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fsurg.2018.00039/full
2. Grégoire V, Ang K, Budach W, Grau C, Hamoir M, Langendijk JA, et al. Delineation of the neck node levels for head and neck tumors : A 2013 update . DAHANCA , EORTC , HKNPCSG , NCIC CTG , NCRI , RTOG , TROG consensus guidelines q. 2014;110:172–81.
3. Kondo Y, Nakamoto T, Jaramillo Y, Choi S, Catalan MA, Melvin JE. Functional differences in the acinar cells of the murine major salivary glands. J Dent Res [Internet]. 2015 May 9 [cited 2020 Aug 5];94(5):715–21. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4502782/?report=abstract
4. Zeng L, Zhang Q, Ao F, Jiang CL, Xiao Y, Xie HH, et al. Risk factors and distribution features of level IB lymph nodes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2019;46(3):457–64.
5. Atkinson C, Fuller J, Huang B. Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy of the Salivary Glands [Internet]. Vol. 28, Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 137–58. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29622110
6. Chason HM, Downs BW. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Parotid Gland [Internet]. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480958
7. Alhajj M, Babos M. Physiology, Salivation [Internet]. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31194408
8. Holmberg K V., Hoffman MP. Anatomy, biogenesis and regeneration of salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 24, Monographs in Oral Science. S. Karger AG; 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 1–13. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4048853/?report=abstract
9. Ferreira JN, Hoffman MP. Interactions between developing nerves and salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 9, Organogenesis. Landes Bioscience; 2013 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 152–8. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3896591/?report=abstract
10. Prasad RS. Parotid Gland Imaging. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016. p. 285–312.
11. Mitchell RLD& WV& AWM. Gray Anatomia Para Estudiantes - PDF Drive [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://es.pdfdrive.com/gray-anatomia-para-estudiantes-d157100966.html
12. Ramos; ARA. Actualizaciones Seram radiologia de cabeza y cuello. 2010. 180 p.
13. Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease [Internet]. Vol. 45, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 730–46. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/joor.12664
14. Carbone Z, Haydee CN, González ;, Mercedes M, Martínez ;, Elena S. la saliva: una MiRada Hacia el diagnóstico.
15. Kochhar A, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland Anatomy [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 273–84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030666515002054
16. Porcheri C, Mitsiadis TA. Physiology, Pathology and Regeneration of Salivary Glands [Internet]. Vol. 8, Cells. NLM (Medline); 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6769486/?report=abstract
17. Amano O, Mizobe K, Bando Y, Sakiyama K. Anatomy and histology of rodent and human major salivary glands: Overview of the Japan salivary gland society-sponsored workshop [Internet]. Vol. 45, Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica. Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; 2012 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 241–50. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3496860/?report=abstract
18. Roussa E. Channels and transporters in salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 343, Cell and Tissue Research. 2011 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 263–87. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00441-010-1089-y
19. Rouvière H, Delmas V, Delmas A. (PDF) La anatomía de Rouvière [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327902712_La_anatomia_de_Rouviere
20. Rivera G. Glándula parótida accesoria como una variación anatómica. Reporte de caso. Accessory parotid gland as an anatomical variation. Case report. Vol. 22, Rev. estomatol. 2014.
21. Ibarra T. Netter. Anatomía de cabeza y cuello para odontólogos @somosodonto [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/40034043/Netter_Anatomía_de_cabeza_y_cuello_para_odontólogos_at_somosodonto
22. Bag AK, Curé JK, Chapman PR, Pettibon KD, Gaddamanugu S. Practical imaging of the parotid gland. Vol. 44, Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Mosby Inc.; 2015. p. 167–92.
23. Monica Lafont. Anatomia, funcion y patologia de la glandula parotida. 2017. 96 p.
24. Varga G. Physiology of the salivary glands [Internet]. Vol. 33, Surgery (United Kingdom). Elsevier Ltd; 2015 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 581–6. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263931915001921
25. Lewis AG, Maghami E. D i a g n o s i s an d Management of Malignant S a l iva ry G l an d Tu mo r s of the P a ro t i d G l a n d. Otolaryngol Clin NA. 2016;49(2):343–80.
26. Roblegg E, Coughran A, Sirjani D. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics Saliva : An all-rounder of our body. 2019;142(June):133–41.
27. Baker OJ. Current Trends in Salivary Gland Tight Junctions. 2016;8370(March).
28. Suzuki A, Iwata J. Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Exocytosis in the Salivary Glands. 2018;(Table 1):7–10.
29. Proctor GB. The physiology of salivary secretion [Internet]. Vol. 70, Periodontology 2000. Blackwell Munksgaard; 2016 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. p. 11–25. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/prd.12116
30. Marie A, Pedersen L. Salivary secretion in health and disease. 0–2 p.
31. Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease [Internet]. Vol. 45, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 730–46. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/joor.12664
32. de Paula F, Teshima THN, Hsieh R, Souza MM, Nico MMS, Lourenco SV. Overview of Human Salivary Glands: Highlights of Morphology and Developing Processes [Internet]. Vol. 300, Anatomical Record. Blackwell Publishing Inc.; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 1180–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ar.23569
33. Moreno F, Haydee D, Salazar R. Descripción histológica de las glándulas salivares mayores Systemic diseases and periodontal disease-Enfermedades Sistémicas y Enfermedad Periodontal View project Antonio Nariño y la vacuna contra la viruela View project [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268817997
34. Munhoz L, Ramos EA dos A, Im DC, Hisatomi M, Yanagi Y, Asaumi J, et al. Application of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of salivary gland diseases: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 128, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. Mosby Inc.; 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. p. 280–310. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029591
35. Martin H, Jayasinghe J, Lowe T. Superficial parotidectomy versus extracapsular dissection: literature review and search for a gold standard technique [Internet]. Vol. 49, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Churchill Livingstone; 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 26]. p. 192–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31301925
36. Bialek EJ, Jakubowski W, Zajkowski P, Szopinski KT, Osmolski A. US of the major salivary glands: Anatomy and spatial relationships, pathologic conditions, and pitfalls [Internet]. Vol. 26, Radiographics. Radiological Society of North America ; 2006 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 745–63. Available from: www.rsna.org/rsnarights.
37. Lu H, Xu W, Zhu Y, Liu L, Liu S, Yang W. Simultaneous occurrence of benign and malignant tumours in the ipsilateral parotid gland—retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Sep 1;48(9):1138–44.
38. Piram L, Frédéric-Moreau T, Bellini R, Martin F, Miroir J, Saroul N, et al. Delineation of the primary tumour clinical target volumes and neck node levels selection of parotid cancers. Cancer/Radiotherapie. 2019;23(3):255–63.
39. Rosa MA, Lazarz DP, Pękala JR, Skinningsrud B, Lauritzen SS, Solewski B, et al. The Accessory Parotid Gland and its Clinical Significance. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;00(00):1.
40. Guan G, Won J, Mei L, Polonowita A. Extensive adipose replacement of the parotid glands: an unusual presentation of sialadenosis. A Case Report and Literature Review. Oral Surg [Internet]. 2020 Feb 3 [cited 2020 Mar 26];13(1):41–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ors.12442
41. Croonenborghs TM, Van Hevele J, Scheerlinck J, Nout E, Schoenaers J, Politis C. A multicentre retrospective clinico-histopathological review of 250 patients after parotidectomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49(2):149–56.
42. Sherif S, Susarla SM, Hwang JW, Weber HP, Wright RF. Clinician- and patient-reported long-term evaluation of screw- and cement-retained implant restorations: A 5-year prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15(6):993–9.
43. Borle RM, Jadhav A, Bhola N, Hingnikar P, Gaikwad P. Borle’s triangle: A reliable anatomical landmark for ease of identification of facial nerve trunk during parotidectomy. J Oral Biol Craniofacial Res [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Aug 5];9(1):33–6. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212426818300344
44. Dorafshar AH, Borsuk DE, Bojovic B, Brown EN, Manktelow RT, Zuker RM, et al. Surface anatomy of the middle division of the facial nerve: Zukerês point. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2020 Aug 5];131(2):253–7. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00006534-201302000-00015
45. Touré G, Vacher C. Relations of the facial nerve with the retromandibular vein: Anatomic study of 132 parotid glands. Surg Radiol Anat [Internet]. 2010 Dec [cited 2020 Aug 5];32(10):957–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473672/
47. Mansour N, Stock KF, Chaker A, Bas M, Knopf A. Evaluation of parotid gland lesions with standard ultrasound, color duplex sonography, sonoelastography, and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging - A pilot study. Ultraschall der Medizin [Internet]. 2012 Apr 13 [cited 2020 Aug 5];33(3):283–8. Available from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0031-1299130
48. Rzepakowska A, Osuch-Wójcikiewicz E, Sobol M, Cruz R, Sielska-Badurek E, Niemczyk K. The differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors with high-resolution ultrasound in otolaryngological practice. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2020 Aug 5];274(8):3231–40. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5500678/?report=abstract
49. Cracchiolo JR, Shaha AR. Parotidectomy for Parotid Cancer [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 415–24. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4821693/?report=abstract
50. Hernandez S, Busso C, Walvekar RR. Parotitis and Sialendoscopy of the Parotid Gland [Internet]. Vol. 49, Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. p. 381–93. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030666515002455
51. Thielker J, Grosheva M, Ihrler S, Wittig A, Guntinas-Lichius O. Contemporary Management of Benign and Malignant Parotid Tumors. Front Surg [Internet]. 2018 May 11 [cited 2020 Aug 5];5. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fsurg.2018.00039/full
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Córdova López, A. K., Cajas Guamán, M. ., Crespo-Alvarez, P., & Pineda-Álvarez, D. (2022). Características anatómicas y funcionales de la glándula parótida. Una revision de la literatura. Odontología Activa Revista Científica, 7(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.31984/oactiva.v7i2.536
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